{"id":60109230,"date":"2025-11-12T10:43:18","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T10:43:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/uncategorized\/reinforcing-fossil-fuels-today-is-a-trap-for-colombias-tomorrow-2\/"},"modified":"2025-11-12T19:16:39","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T19:16:39","slug":"opiniao-carvao-e-gas-futuro-da-colombia-felipe-arango-garcia","status":"publish","type":"opinion","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/pt-br\/energia\/opiniao-carvao-e-gas-futuro-da-colombia-felipe-arango-garcia\/","title":{"rendered":"Opini\u00e3o: Investir em carv\u00e3o e g\u00e1s compromete futuro da Col\u00f4mbia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>O sistema el\u00e9trico da Col\u00f4mbia tem se sustentado em um delicado equil\u00edbrio entre hidrel\u00e9tricas e termel\u00e9tricas. Mas, para assegurar um futuro mais limpo e resiliente, o pa\u00eds precisa avan\u00e7ar na transi\u00e7\u00e3o e reduzir sua depend\u00eancia do carv\u00e3o e do g\u00e1s. O desafio, por\u00e9m, est\u00e1 longe de ser simples ou imediato.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia a partir da queima de combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis \u2014 como carv\u00e3o, g\u00e1s e petr\u00f3leo \u2014 \u00e9 a principal fonte global de gases de efeito estufa, respons\u00e1vel por <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatewatchdata.org\/ghg-emissions?apcid=000000000000000000000000&amp;breakBy=sector&amp;chartType=line&amp;end_year=2022&amp;sectors=agriculture%2Cenergy%2Cindustrial-processes%2Cland-use-change-and-forestry%2Ctotal-including-lucf%2Cwaste%2Celectricity-heat&amp;start_year=1990\">um ter\u00e7o<\/a> das emiss\u00f5es em 2022. Na Col\u00f4mbia, essas fontes responderam por <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/countries\/colombia\/electricity\">quase 36%<\/a> da gera\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica em 2024, devido em parte \u00e0s secas provocadas pelo fen\u00f4meno El Ni\u00f1o, que reduziram a produ\u00e7\u00e3o hidrel\u00e9trica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uma <a href=\"https:\/\/transforma.global\/publicaciones\/balances-oferta-demanda-de-energia-electrica\">an\u00e1lise recente da Transforma<\/a> \u2014 organiza\u00e7\u00e3o latino-americana da qual sou diretor-executivo \u2014 mostra que, por raz\u00f5es econ\u00f4micas, ambientais e diplom\u00e1ticas, a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o das termel\u00e9tricas a carv\u00e3o e g\u00e1s na Col\u00f4mbia \u00e9 inevit\u00e1vel. Por\u00e9m, sem medidas para compensar essa gera\u00e7\u00e3o, h\u00e1 um risco latente de d\u00e9ficit energ\u00e9tico. As usinas precisam garantir um fornecimento confi\u00e1vel e constante de eletricidade, mesmo diante de secas, picos de demanda ou emerg\u00eancias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/26191940\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:320px;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>A quest\u00e3o j\u00e1 n\u00e3o \u00e9 se a Col\u00f4mbia deve abandonar o carv\u00e3o e o g\u00e1s, mas como acelerar essa transi\u00e7\u00e3o de forma justa e organizada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O relat\u00f3rio da Transforma analisou diferentes cen\u00e1rios para a desativa\u00e7\u00e3o das usinas t\u00e9rmicas na Col\u00f4mbia. A proje\u00e7\u00e3o indica que, para a \u201cenergia m\u00e9dia\u201d \u2014 a quantidade de eletricidade que o sistema pode gerar em condi\u00e7\u00f5es normais \u2014, o pa\u00eds poderia manter um saldo positivo at\u00e9 2038, mesmo com o fechamento gradual das termel\u00e9tricas a g\u00e1s e carv\u00e3o, desde que os novos projetos previstos entrem em opera\u00e7\u00e3o conforme o planejado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Por\u00e9m, quando se trata de \u201cenergia firme\u201d \u2013 a capacidade do sistema de responder em condi\u00e7\u00f5es adversas \u2013, a proje\u00e7\u00e3o indica alta vulnerabilidade se a desativa\u00e7\u00e3o das termel\u00e9tricas for acelerada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nos quatro cen\u00e1rios analisados, um d\u00e9ficit de \u201cenergia firme\u201d ocorre entre 2028 e 2034, dependendo do ritmo de elimina\u00e7\u00e3o das termel\u00e9tricas. Se carv\u00e3o e g\u00e1s forem desativados ao mesmo tempo, o d\u00e9ficit chega a 38% em 2038. Numa transi\u00e7\u00e3o gradual \u2014 primeiro o carv\u00e3o, depois o g\u00e1s \u2014, o impacto \u00e9 semelhante, mas aparece a partir de 2033. A exclus\u00e3o apenas das usinas a g\u00e1s resultaria em um d\u00e9ficit de 27%, enquanto eliminar apenas as a carv\u00e3o, de 10%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240626_PT_Hidrosogamoso_Santander-Colombia_JaimeMoreno_ElTiempo_GDA_ZUMAPress_Alamy-3B7M665.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240626_PT_Hidrosogamoso_Santander-Colombia_JaimeMoreno_ElTiempo_GDA_ZUMAPress_Alamy-3B7M665-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240626_PT_Hidrosogamoso_Santander-Colombia_JaimeMoreno_ElTiempo_GDA_ZUMAPress_Alamy-3B7M665-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240626_PT_Hidrosogamoso_Santander-Colombia_JaimeMoreno_ElTiempo_GDA_ZUMAPress_Alamy-3B7M665.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"vista a\u00e9rea da hidrel\u00e9trica Hidrosogamoso, em Santander, norte da Col\u00f4mbia\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">Sistema el\u00e9trico colombiano depende fortemente de usinas hidrel\u00e9tricas, como a Hidrosogamoso, em Santander, norte da Col\u00f4mbia. Essa fonte de energia \u00e9 vulner\u00e1vel a eventos extremos, como secas severas (Imagem: Jaime Moreno \/ El Tiempo \/ GDA \/ ZUMA Press \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240626_PT_Hidrosogamoso_Santander-Colombia_JaimeMoreno_ElTiempo_GDA_ZUMAPress_Alamy-3B7M665.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"2 MB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1707\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Embora o pa\u00eds consiga atender \u00e0 demanda el\u00e9trica em condi\u00e7\u00f5es normais, a perda das termel\u00e9tricas coloca em risco a confiabilidade do sistema colombiano diante de cen\u00e1rios adversos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mas isso significa que a Col\u00f4mbia deve manter a gera\u00e7\u00e3o a carv\u00e3o e g\u00e1s? A resposta \u00e9 n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Entre os pa\u00edses da Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o para a Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Econ\u00f4mico (OCDE), formados em sua maioria por economias desenvolvidas, a gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia a carv\u00e3o <a href=\"https:\/\/ember-energy.org\/latest-insights\/coal-generation-in-oecd-countries-falls-below-half-of-its-peak\/\">caiu pela metade<\/a> desde 2007, substitu\u00edda principalmente por fontes solar e e\u00f3lica. A mudan\u00e7a mostra que as renov\u00e1veis deixaram de ser promessa e j\u00e1 s\u00e3o uma realidade econ\u00f4mica e tecnol\u00f3gica. Pelo menos um ter\u00e7o dos 38 pa\u00edses da OCDE j\u00e1 eliminou o carv\u00e3o de sua matriz energ\u00e9tica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mesmo nos Estados Unidos, onde parte do setor pol\u00edtico tentou reativar a ind\u00fastria do carv\u00e3o, a tend\u00eancia de decl\u00ednio \u00e9 evidente. As pr\u00f3prias empresas de energia anunciaram planos para uma retirada acelerada: at\u00e9 2030, a capacidade de gera\u00e7\u00e3o a carv\u00e3o <a href=\"https:\/\/ieefa.org\/resources\/nowhere-go-down-us-coal-capacity-generation\">deve cair 64%<\/a> em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao pico hist\u00f3rico, impulsionada pela queda dos custos das renov\u00e1veis e por normas ambientais mais rigorosas. Ou seja, mesmo as economias mais dependentes do carv\u00e3o j\u00e1 n\u00e3o conseguem sustent\u00e1-lo diante da realidade econ\u00f4mica e clim\u00e1tica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-pull-quote block--pull-quote block--pull-quote--no-citation\"><div class=\"block--pull-quote__wrapper\"><blockquote class=\"block--pull-quote__quote\">Apostar no carv\u00e3o e g\u00e1s na Col\u00f4mbia seria apenas tapar o sol com a peneira<\/blockquote><cite class=\"block--pull-quote__cite\"><\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>O g\u00e1s natural, por anos tratado como solu\u00e7\u00e3o de transi\u00e7\u00e3o, enfrenta hoje um panorama igualmente incerto. Na Col\u00f4mbia, as reservas comprovadas ca\u00edram a menos de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.infobae.com\/colombia\/2025\/09\/03\/el-gas-podria-escasear-en-pocos-anos-y-disparar-las-tarifas-asi-pintan-las-cuentas-de-naturgas-para-2026\/\">seis anos<\/a> de autossufici\u00eancia. Descobertas offshore no Caribe, como os campos de Gorg\u00f3n e Uchuva, t\u00eam sido promovidas pela Ecopetrol como a salva\u00e7\u00e3o do pa\u00eds, mas enfrentam altos custos, incertezas sobre as reservas e riscos financeiros. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/publications\/brief\/gas-prospects-in-colombia\">Estudos<\/a> do Instituto Internacional para o Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel mostram que, aos pre\u00e7os atuais do g\u00e1s, a explora\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o se sustentaria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A incerteza se agrava no contexto internacional vol\u00e1til. Segundo a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/commentaries\/what-drives-natural-gas-price-volatility-in-europe-and-beyond\">Ag\u00eancia Internacional de Energia<\/a>, os pre\u00e7os do g\u00e1s na Europa em 2024 foram 50% mais inst\u00e1veis que a m\u00e9dia de 2010\u20132019, mostrando a fragilidade dessa depend\u00eancia. Soma-se a isso o impacto clim\u00e1tico: o metano liberado na cadeia do g\u00e1s tem potencial de aquecimento <a href=\"https:\/\/globalmethanepledge.ccacoalition.org\/imperative-methane-action\">80 vezes maior<\/a> que o do CO\u2082.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apostar no carv\u00e3o e no g\u00e1s na Col\u00f4mbia seria apenas tapar o sol com a peneira: s\u00e3o fontes em decl\u00ednio global, caras, financeiramente arriscadas, poluentes e prejudiciais \u00e0 sa\u00fade \u2014 sem espa\u00e7o em um futuro energ\u00e9tico a m\u00e9dio e longo prazo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20180325_oil-spill_Barrancabermeja_Colombia_NataliaOrtizMantilla_DPA_Alamy-M9PT3P.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20180325_oil-spill_Barrancabermeja_Colombia_NataliaOrtizMantilla_DPA_Alamy-M9PT3P-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20180325_oil-spill_Barrancabermeja_Colombia_NataliaOrtizMantilla_DPA_Alamy-M9PT3P-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20180325_oil-spill_Barrancabermeja_Colombia_NataliaOrtizMantilla_DPA_Alamy-M9PT3P.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"oil spill in muddy water at base of trees\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">Vazamento de petr\u00f3leo em 2018 em Barrancabermeja, Santander, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecopetrol.com.co\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/a071d246-0aee-4a8a-b98e-b231385c9a28\/20-F.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&amp;attachment=false&amp;id=1583446297961\">causado pelas opera\u00e7\u00f5es da Ecopetrol<\/a> . A estatal colombiana, principal produtora de petr\u00f3leo do pa\u00eds, quer explorar as reservas offshore de g\u00e1s descobertas no Caribe (Imagem: Natalia Ortiz Mantilla \/ DPA)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20180325_oil-spill_Barrancabermeja_Colombia_NataliaOrtizMantilla_DPA_Alamy-M9PT3P.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"3 MB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1706\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A alternativa existe \u2014 e \u00e9 vi\u00e1vel. Segundo an\u00e1lise da Transforma, a Col\u00f4mbia precisa incorporar entre 10,8 e 40,8 gigawatts de energia renov\u00e1vel al\u00e9m dos projetos j\u00e1 planejados, garantindo estabilidade com usinas solares, e\u00f3licas e hidrel\u00e9tricas de pequeno porte. O sistema el\u00e9trico tamb\u00e9m deve ganhar resili\u00eancia com armazenamento de energia, baterias, hibridiza\u00e7\u00e3o de fontes e mecanismos de resposta r\u00e1pida \u00e0 demanda nos hor\u00e1rios de pico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Al\u00e9m de ampliar a oferta, \u00e9 fundamental melhorar a gest\u00e3o da demanda. Isso significa reduzir a press\u00e3o sobre o sistema com avan\u00e7os em efici\u00eancia energ\u00e9tica e modelos descentralizados. Tanto a ado\u00e7\u00e3o de fontes renov\u00e1veis quanto a gest\u00e3o da demanda exigem condi\u00e7\u00f5es adequadas,&nbsp; como a resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de conflitos socioambientais, o aprimoramento dos processos de consulta pr\u00e9via e a moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o das redes de transmiss\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e3o s\u00e3o medidas simples, mas s\u00e3o plenamente vi\u00e1veis \u2014 desde que haja vontade pol\u00edtica, planejamento estrat\u00e9gico e coopera\u00e7\u00e3o entre os setores p\u00fablico e privado. O desafio n\u00e3o \u00e9 t\u00e9cnico, mas consiste em driblar as distra\u00e7\u00f5es promovidas pela ind\u00fastria de combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis e em assumir o compromisso com um futuro el\u00e9trico confi\u00e1vel, sustent\u00e1vel e justo para a Col\u00f4mbia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20250811_installation-wind-turbine_LaGuajira_Colombia_NicolasChorier_AmazingAerial_Alamy-3CCAXNR-1.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20250811_installation-wind-turbine_LaGuajira_Colombia_NicolasChorier_AmazingAerial_Alamy-3CCAXNR-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20250811_installation-wind-turbine_LaGuajira_Colombia_NicolasChorier_AmazingAerial_Alamy-3CCAXNR-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20250811_installation-wind-turbine_LaGuajira_Colombia_NicolasChorier_AmazingAerial_Alamy-3CCAXNR-1.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"wind turbine being installed \"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">Turbina e\u00f3lica instalada em La Guajira, norte da Col\u00f4mbia. Conforme a an\u00e1lise da Transforma, a Col\u00f4mbia precisa incorporar entre 10,8 e 40,8 gigawatts de energia renov\u00e1vel al\u00e9m dos projetos j\u00e1 planejados, para suprir demanda (Imagem: Nicolas Chorier \/ Amazing Aerial \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20250811_installation-wind-turbine_LaGuajira_Colombia_NicolasChorier_AmazingAerial_Alamy-3CCAXNR-1.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"2 MB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1707\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A comunidade internacional tem dado sinais claros do decl\u00ednio dos combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis na gera\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica. Segundo o think tank <a href=\"https:\/\/ember-energy.org\/latest-insights\/global-electricity-mid-year-insights-2025\/\">Ember<\/a>, no primeiro semestre de 2025, as energias renov\u00e1veis ultrapassaram o carv\u00e3o pela primeira vez na hist\u00f3ria como principal fonte de eletricidade no mundo. Trata-se de um ponto de inflex\u00e3o n\u00e3o apenas para o setor energ\u00e9tico, mas para a geopol\u00edtica: China e \u00cdndia \u2014 e n\u00e3o Estados Unidos ou Uni\u00e3o Europeia \u2014 lideram a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Se somarmos a essas pot\u00eancias a for\u00e7a das pequenas e m\u00e9dias empresas de energia solar e e\u00f3lica da Am\u00e9rica Latina, \u00c1frica, Sudeste e Sul da \u00c1sia, as pe\u00e7as de um grande quebra-cabe\u00e7a come\u00e7am a se encaixar: uma transi\u00e7\u00e3o energ\u00e9tica impulsionada pelo Sul Global. Que esse marco sirva de li\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Col\u00f4mbia \u2014 expoente regional da ambi\u00e7\u00e3o clim\u00e1tica \u2014, ao Brasil como anfitri\u00e3o da COP30 e a toda a Am\u00e9rica Latina.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pa\u00eds precisa avan\u00e7ar na expans\u00e3o das energias renov\u00e1veis e, ao mesmo tempo, gerir de forma mais eficiente a demanda por eletricidade, afirma o diretor-executivo da Transforma<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":60108955,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[50039922],"tags":[50029693,50042233,50029786,50040113],"country":[50003532],"class_list":["post-60109230","opinion","type-opinion","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energia","tag-combustiveis-fosseis-pt-br","tag-consumo-energetico-pt-br","tag-energias-renovaveis","tag-transicao-energetica-pt-br","country-colombia-pt-br"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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