{"id":50051487,"date":"2022-03-03T18:21:12","date_gmt":"2022-03-03T18:21:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=51487"},"modified":"2023-04-27T14:26:28","modified_gmt":"2023-04-27T13:26:28","slug":"51469-mexico-proibe-gm-milho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/pt-br\/negocios\/51469-mexico-proibe-gm-milho\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e9xico pro\u00edbe plantio de milho transg\u00eanico, mas mat\u00e9m importa\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em outubro passado, o M\u00e9xico <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/bayer-blasts-unscientific-rejection-by-mexican-regulator-gmo-corn-permit-2021-10-08\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rejeitou<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a importa\u00e7\u00e3o de milho geneticamente modificado (GM) pela primeira vez em sua hist\u00f3ria, abrindo precedentes para futuras proibi\u00e7\u00f5es.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Posteriormente, a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gigante farmac\u00eautica e agroqu\u00edmica Bayer \u2014 e hoje propriet\u00e1ria da pioneira em GMs, a Monsanto \u2014 contestou a decis\u00e3o da ag\u00eancia reguladora mexicana Cofepris de rejeitar seu pedido de importa\u00e7\u00e3o de milho para a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de ra\u00e7\u00e3o animal. Ela entrou com uma a\u00e7\u00e3o que foi apoiada por outros pesos pesados agr\u00edcolas, como a chinesa Syngenta.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Por\u00e9m, a Suprema Corte do M\u00e9xico <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/foodtank.com\/news\/2021\/10\/mexicos-highest-court-rejects-appeal-of-gm-corn-ban\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">manteve a decis\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> da ag\u00eancia<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, sustentando uma senten\u00e7a de 2013, do \u201cprinc\u00edpio da precau\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d. Nela, autoridades podem rejeitar a planta\u00e7\u00e3o de transg\u00eanicos pelo risco que eles podem trazer \u00e0 sa\u00fade do povo mexicano e ao meio ambiente.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Para o movimento anti-GM, a decis\u00e3o da Corte foi uma importante vit\u00f3ria, cimentando a cautela contra as culturas transg\u00eanicas como norma no mais alto n\u00edvel do judici\u00e1rio do pa\u00eds.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Decreto pro\u00edbe plantio de GM<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em dezembro de 2020, o presidente mexicano Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador, conhecido como AMLO, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jornada.com.mx\/notas\/2020\/12\/10\/politica\/respaldan-ongs-decreto-de-amlo-para-prohibir-de-maiz-transgenico\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">publicou<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> um decreto proibindo at\u00e9 2024 o plantio de milho geneticamente modificado para consumo humano. A ordem tamb\u00e9m exige a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o do uso do glifosato, agrot\u00f3xico alvo de <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/investigates\/special-report\/who-iarc-glyphosate\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pol\u00eamico<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/investigates\/special-report\/who-iarc-glyphosate\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">debate<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sobre seus efeitos potencialmente <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iarc.who.int\/featured-news\/media-centre-iarc-news-glyphosate\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cancer\u00edgenos<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O decreto fez de AMLO o primeiro presidente mexicano a apoiar o movimento anti-GM. Mas a not\u00edcia desagradou os Estados Unidos, j\u00e1 que o M\u00e9xico <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/amber-waves\/2020\/august\/us-corn-exports-to-mexico-have-increased-with-the-transition-to-free-trade-under-the-north-american-free-trade-agreement\/#:~:text=Of%20the%2020.4%20million%20metric,95%20percent%20was%20yellow%20corn\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">importa do vizinho milh\u00f5es de toneladas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> de milho geneticamente modificado por ano para a alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o animal e o uso industrial, como na produ\u00e7\u00e3o de xarope de milho.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class='block--pullout-stat block--pullout-stat--float cd-shortcode--factbox'>\n                <p class='block--pullout-stat__title'>Mais de 20 toneladas<\/p>\n                <div class='block--pullout-stat__content'>\n                    <br \/>\nde milho foram importados para o M\u00e9xico dos EUA nas safras de 2018\/19 e 2019\/20, segundo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/amber-waves\/2020\/august\/us-corn-exports-to-mexico-have-increased-with-the-transition-to-free-trade-under-the-north-american-free-trade-agreement\/#:~:text=Of%20the%2020.4%20million%20metric,95%20percent%20was%20yellow%20corn\">o Departamento de Agricultura dos EUA<\/a><br \/>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AMLO tamb\u00e9m enfrentou resist\u00eancia no pr\u00f3prio M\u00e9xico, com 17 a\u00e7\u00f5es legais contr\u00e1rias \u00e0 proposta, apresentadas por empresas de sementes e entidades da ind\u00fastria \u2014 nenhuma delas bem-sucedida. O Conselho Nacional Agr\u00edcola (CNA) do pa\u00eds, com o apoio da Bayer, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/mexico-grains-corn-idUSKBN2GY1GL\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">argumentou<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que, se as importa\u00e7\u00f5es de ra\u00e7\u00e3o fossem impedidas, isso amea\u00e7aria a pecu\u00e1ria, por exemplo.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mas o ministro da Agricultura, Victor Villalobos, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/about.bgov.com\/news\/u-s-grown-corn-can-ship-to-mexico-amid-genetic-modification-ban\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">esclareceu<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que essas importa\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o seriam afetadas, ap\u00f3s acusa\u00e7\u00f5es de que o M\u00e9xico violaria o acordo de livre com\u00e9rcio entre EUA, M\u00e9xico e Canad\u00e1 (USMCA, na sigla em ingl\u00eas).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Importa\u00e7\u00f5es de transg\u00eanicos na mira<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cr\u00edticos dizem que a reda\u00e7\u00e3o do decreto de AMLO \u00e9 amb\u00edgua e deixa a porta aberta para uma futura proibi\u00e7\u00e3o na importa\u00e7\u00e3o de milho transg\u00eanico.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mas tamb\u00e9m h\u00e1 forte apoio dentro da administra\u00e7\u00e3o do presidente para que se pro\u00edbam tamb\u00e9m tais importa\u00e7\u00f5es<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. O vice-ministro da Agricultura, Victor Su\u00e1rez, \u00e9 um oponente declarado \u00e0 entrada do milho transg\u00eanico no M\u00e9xico, e a chefe do Conselho Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Mar\u00eda Elena \u00c1lvarez-Buylla, foi uma conselheira-chave na a\u00e7\u00e3o de 2013.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Por outro lado, R\u00faben Montalvo Morales, da C\u00e2mara Nacional da Ind\u00fastria de Cornflour e Tortilhas, disse ao <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Di\u00e1logo Chino<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que qualquer proibi\u00e7\u00e3o que inclu\u00edsse a importa\u00e7\u00e3o de milho GM poderia ter efeitos adversos na ind\u00fastria. &#8220;Haveria escassez, especula\u00e7\u00e3o e um aumento no pre\u00e7o tanto dos gr\u00e3os quanto das tortilhas&#8221;, afirma.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Rejei\u00e7\u00e3o do milho GM no M\u00e9xico<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ningu\u00e9m pode contestar a import\u00e2ncia do milho para o M\u00e9xico. Desde as tortilhas e chips de milho at\u00e9 a cren\u00e7a ind\u00edgena de que todos s\u00e3o &#8220;filhos do milho&#8221;, o gr\u00e3o surgiu como uma <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.si.edu\/newsdesk\/releases\/ancient-dna-continues-rewrite-corns-9000-year-society-shaping-history\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">erva selvagem<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, cultivada pela primeira vez h\u00e1 9.000 anos, e est\u00e1 hoje totalmente entrela\u00e7ada \u00e0 identidade mexicana.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O plantio de milho GM no M\u00e9xico, centro da origem do gr\u00e3o, afeta a biodiversidade das gera\u00e7\u00f5es presentes e futuras<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O M\u00e9xico abriga mais de 60 esp\u00e9cies de milho e milhares de variedades: uma abund\u00e2ncia colorida e nutritiva que \u00e9 orgulho da na\u00e7\u00e3o e essencial para <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/small-farmers-in-mexico-keep-corns-genetic-diversity-alive\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a biodiversidade gen\u00e9tica do gr\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Como diz um ditado popular, &#8220;Sin ma\u00edz, no hay pa\u00eds&#8221; \u2014 sem milho, sem pa\u00eds \u2014, uma frase que tamb\u00e9m denominou a campanha contra o plantio de milho transg\u00eanico no pa\u00eds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;O plantio de milho GM no M\u00e9xico, centro da origem do gr\u00e3o, afeta a biodiversidade das gera\u00e7\u00f5es presentes e futuras \u2014 \u00e9 irrevers\u00edvel&#8221;, diz a Dra. Mercedes L\u00f3pez Martinez, que dirige a organiza\u00e7\u00e3o de pesquisa e defesa <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/viaorganica.org\/quienes-somos\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u00eda Org\u00e1nica<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A principal preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o dos ativistas anti-GM \u00e9 a poliniza\u00e7\u00e3o cruzada \u2014 se o milho GM for plantado no M\u00e9xico, ele naturalmente se cruzar\u00e1 com o milho nativo, alterando e enfraquecendo sua pr\u00f3pria composi\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica. Isto, dizem ativistas como L\u00f3pez, afeta a sa\u00fade do consumidor, apaga o conhecimento cultural e for\u00e7a agricultores a depender de empresas agr\u00edcolas multinacionais para sementes e subsist\u00eancia.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>A\u00e7\u00e3o civil contra o GM em 2013<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em 2013, o ent\u00e3o presidente do M\u00e9xico, Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto, concedeu licen\u00e7as a gigantes da agricultura como a Monsanto, que tinha planos de plantar cerca de 2,5 milh\u00f5es de hectares de milho GM em programas-piloto.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mas 22 organiza\u00e7\u00f5es civis e 53 pessoas entraram com uma a\u00e7\u00e3o coletiva contr\u00e1ria, entre elas Mercedes L\u00f3pez. Ao final daquele ano, um juiz federal da Cidade do M\u00e9xico <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cjf.gob.mx\/documentos\/notasInformativas\/docsNotasInformativas\/2013\/notaInformativa41.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">decidiu<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pela suspens\u00e3o tempor\u00e1ria de qualquer nova permiss\u00e3o para o milho GM, na aus\u00eancia de provas cient\u00edficas de que o plantio era seguro \u00e0 sa\u00fade dos mexicanos \u2014 o princ\u00edpio da precau\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A a\u00e7\u00e3o coletiva ainda n\u00e3o chegou a uma decis\u00e3o final, mas acabou impedindo que o milho GM fosse cultivado no pa\u00eds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em 2001, autoridades mexicanas j\u00e1 tinham entrado no assunto. Naquele ano, foi encontrado milho GM crescendo em territ\u00f3rios camponeses ind\u00edgenas no estado de Oaxaca, no sul do pa\u00eds. Uma morat\u00f3ria havia sido colocada sobre o cultivo de milho GM no M\u00e9xico em 1998, portanto o incidente foi inesperado \u2014 e indesejado.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Transg\u00eanicos s\u00e3o prejudiciais?<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">campanha Sin Ma\u00edz No Hay Pa\u00eds<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> acendeu o debate sobre os pr\u00f3s e contras da engenharia gen\u00e9tica. A iniciativa anti-GM ganhou apoiadores de alto n\u00edvel, e o consumo de milho nativo aumentou nos \u00faltimos anos. Enquanto isso, aqueles favor\u00e1veis ao cultivo de GM no M\u00e9xico dizem que o pa\u00eds precisa considerar as necessidades de abastecimento e seguran\u00e7a alimentar, especialmente com a crescente <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/en\/climate-energy\/ipcc-report-climate-crisis-latin-america\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">preval\u00eancia da seca e outros efeitos das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alberto Daniel V\u00e1zquez \u00e9 um engenheiro bioqu\u00edmico baseado em Milpa Alta, bairro rural da Cidade do M\u00e9xico, onde administra um banco de sementes nativas. Falando de uma sala cheia de frascos transparentes contendo sementes de milho amarelo, vermelho, branco, preto e azul, V\u00e1zquez disse ao <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Di\u00e1logo Chino<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que &#8220;v\u00ea os dois lados&#8221; do debate sobre se o M\u00e9xico pode, em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise, prescindir das culturas GM.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;A modifica\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica vem do fato de que temos que cobrir as necessidades alimentares em todo o mundo, o que \u00e9 uma coisa positiva&#8221;, disse ele. &#8220;Mas h\u00e1 um problema se eles provocam a contamina\u00e7\u00e3o do milho nativo&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nos \u00faltimos anos, surgiram informes apoiando as culturas GM, com novas evid\u00eancias sugerindo que elas n\u00e3o t\u00eam efeitos negativos para humanos e animais. Um <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/read\/23395\/chapter\/8#236\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">documento<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> da Academia Nacional de Ci\u00eancias dos EUA reconhece as limita\u00e7\u00f5es dos testes \u2014 \u201ccompreender os efeitos \u00e0 sa\u00fade de qualquer alimento, geneticamente modificado ou n\u00e3o, \u00e9 complexo\u201d \u2014 mas conclui que ainda n\u00e3o h\u00e1 evid\u00eancias para dizer que eles s\u00e3o prejudiciais. Al\u00e9m disso, o relat\u00f3rio defende seus benef\u00edcios, tais como a resist\u00eancia \u00e0s mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas e os impactos positivos \u00e0 sa\u00fade em culturas destinadas a apoiar fun\u00e7\u00f5es espec\u00edficas.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A modifica\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica vem do fato de que temos que cobrir as necessidades alimentares em todo o mundo<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As quest\u00f5es relacionadas aos GMs sobre o monop\u00f3lio de sementes por grandes empresas do agroneg\u00f3cio e o uso de pesticidas que afetam o solo, assim como a poliniza\u00e7\u00e3o cruzada, continuar\u00e3o controversas no M\u00e9xico. Mas o debate sobre os impactos dos GMs est\u00e1 evoluindo, mesmo que lentamente. Como o pa\u00eds e um mundo em aquecimento enfrentam amea\u00e7as iminentes \u00e0 inseguran\u00e7a alimentar, ele n\u00e3o vai desaparecer t\u00e3o cedo.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Governo AMLO sinaliza apoio a movimento anti-transg\u00eanico, mas, ao menos por enquanto, resiste \u00e0 proibi\u00e7\u00e3o de importa\u00e7\u00f5es de milho geneticamente modificado<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3882,"featured_media":50051484,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039919],"tags":[50040380,50029833,50029690,50029824],"hashtags":[],"country":[50003538],"class_list":["post-50051487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-negocios","tag-agricultura-pt-br","tag-comercio","tag-seguranca-alimentar","tag-tecnologia","country-mexico-pt-br"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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