{"id":60097014,"date":"2025-09-02T12:47:24","date_gmt":"2025-09-02T11:47:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/nao-categorizado\/ecuador-drops-dam-dispute-with-china-but-project-remains-contentious-2\/"},"modified":"2025-09-02T22:13:06","modified_gmt":"2025-09-02T21:13:06","slug":"apos-disputas-equador-passa-hidreletrica-problematica-a-china","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/pt-br\/energia\/apos-disputas-equador-passa-hidreletrica-problematica-a-china\/","title":{"rendered":"Ap\u00f3s disputas, Equador passa hidrel\u00e9trica problem\u00e1tica \u00e0 China"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Quase duas d\u00e9cadas ap\u00f3s o in\u00edcio das obras com investimentos de US$ 3,2 bilh\u00f5es no norte do Equador, a hidrel\u00e9trica Coca Codo Sinclair continua sendo uma eterna promessa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Concebida para refor\u00e7ar a matriz energ\u00e9tica equatoriana e p\u00f4r fim aos recorrentes apag\u00f5es do pa\u00eds, a usina foi erguida na Amaz\u00f4nia, entre as prov\u00edncias de Napo e Sucumb\u00edos, com a expectativa de cobrir cerca de 30%<\/a> da demanda el\u00e9trica nacional. Por\u00e9m, desde que come\u00e7ou a operar em 2016, nunca alcan\u00e7ou sua capacidade de 1,5 gigawatts, e os cortes de energia seguem frequentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No fim de 2024, os equatorianos enfrentavam cortes de 14 horas<\/a> e a usina atingia um ter\u00e7o<\/a> de sua capacidade. Na imin\u00eancia de outra seca severa, novos apag\u00f5es s\u00e3o considerados inevit\u00e1veis<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O cap\u00edtulo mais recente da novela veio da China. No fim de junho, o presidente equatoriano Daniel Noboa encontrou<\/a> seu hom\u00f3logo chin\u00eas Xi Jinping em Beijing. Ap\u00f3s a visita, a chanceler equatoriana, Gabriela Sommerfeld, anunciou<\/a> um acordo para que a PowerChina assumisse a opera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A PowerChina controla a Sinohydro, respons\u00e1vel pela constru\u00e7\u00e3o da hidrel\u00e9trica. O projeto foi viabilizado por um financiamento<\/a> de US$ 1,7 bilh\u00e3o do Banco de Exporta\u00e7\u00e3o e Importa\u00e7\u00e3o da China. No entanto, o custo final superou o dobro desse valor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Agora, o acordo prev\u00ea US$ 400 milh\u00f5es<\/a> em indeniza\u00e7\u00e3o ao Equador e o fim da disputa internacional aberta em 2021, que cobrava US$ 580 milh\u00f5es por problemas estruturais da usina. Entre elas, havia 17 mil rachaduras<\/a>, v\u00e1lvulas defeituosas e pe\u00e7as mal instaladas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00edderes da oposi\u00e7\u00e3o questionam a legitimidade do novo acordo, que, na pr\u00e1tica, entrega a opera\u00e7\u00e3o da usina \u00e0 mesma empresa respons\u00e1vel por sua constru\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cO paradoxo \u00e9 claro: o projeto emblem\u00e1tico, que deveria transformar nossa matriz energ\u00e9tica, acabar\u00e1 sendo operado pela mesma empresa culpada pelas falhas que impediram que isso acontecesse\u201d, disse a ex-congressista Ana Galarza, do Movimiento Construye, ao Dialogue Earth<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA PowerChina est\u00e1 pagando US$ 400 milh\u00f5es pela concess\u00e3o da Coca Codo Sinclair\u201d, acrescentou. \u201cN\u00e3o tentem nos enganar nem nos tratar como se f\u00f4ssemos ing\u00eanuos\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Concess\u00e3o \u00e0 PowerChina<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Da constru\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 opera\u00e7\u00e3o, a saga da hidrel\u00e9trica atravessou quatro presidentes do Equador: os tr\u00eas mandatos de Rafael Correa (2007\u20132017), seguidos por Len\u00edn Moreno (2017\u20132021), Guillermo Lasso (2021\u20132023) e, agora, Daniel Noboa (2023\u20132029).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ministra de Energia do Equador, In\u00e9s Manzano, explicou ao Dialogue Earth<\/em> que o acordo n\u00e3o configura uma concess\u00e3o ou privatiza\u00e7\u00e3o da usina, \u201cmas um modelo de gest\u00e3o tempor\u00e1rio para garantir o funcionamento t\u00e9cnico do sistema\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
LEIA MAIS<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Manzano acrescentou que, \u201ccomo parte desse acordo, espera-se que a Sinohydro assuma a manuten\u00e7\u00e3o e a administra\u00e7\u00e3o da usina hidrel\u00e9trica\u201d. Hoje isto fica a cargo da estatal Corpora\u00e7\u00e3o El\u00e9trica do Equador (Celec). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mas ela n\u00e3o detalhou prazos, explicando que o acordo \u00e9 \u201capenas o primeiro passo de um processo mais amplo\u201d de procedimentos legais antes que a arbitragem seja conclu\u00edda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pelo menos quatro minist\u00e9rios participaram<\/a> das negocia\u00e7\u00f5es. A ministra de Economia e Finan\u00e7as, Sariha Moya, explicou ao Dialogue Earth<\/em> que a PowerChina havia proposto inicialmente uma garantia financeira, a ser liberada gradualmente conforme a empresa realizasse melhorias na Coca Codo Sinclair. A ideia, no entanto, foi rejeitada. \u201cOs problemas da usina n\u00e3o geraram preju\u00edzos apenas para a empresa, mas tamb\u00e9m para o Estado. Portanto, n\u00e3o aceitamos a garantia e exigimos uma indeniza\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d, afirmou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para a oposi\u00e7\u00e3o, os impactos ambientais tamb\u00e9m precisam ser levados em conta. Ana Galarza destacou que a Coca Codo Sinclair teria contribu\u00eddo para a eros\u00e3o do rio Coca \u2014 quest\u00e3o que ganhou for\u00e7a quando a cachoeira San Rafael, a jusante da usina, praticamente secou em 2020. Pesquisadores sugerem que as instala\u00e7\u00f5es podem ter agravado a eros\u00e3o do solo, embora a opera\u00e7\u00e3o da usina tamb\u00e9m tenha sido afetada<\/a> na \u00e9poca. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para Inty Gr\u00f8nneberg, engenheiro mec\u00e2nico e cientista que estudou a trajet\u00f3ria da Coca Codo Sinclair<\/a> ao longo de duas d\u00e9cadas, deixar a PowerChina no comando da hidrel\u00e9trica pode ser a melhor solu\u00e7\u00e3o poss\u00edvel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cN\u00e3o se trata de ideologizar o projeto, mas de resolver problemas\u201d, disse Gr\u00f8nneberg ao Dialogue Earth<\/em>. \u201cN\u00e3o importa se \u00e9 administra\u00e7\u00e3o, concess\u00e3o ou como voc\u00ea quiser chamar. O Equador precisa de eletricidade, especialmente com um per\u00edodo de baixa vaz\u00e3o batendo \u00e0 porta novamente\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Embora a usina estivesse operando apenas parcialmente, quase um ter\u00e7o<\/a> da eletricidade do pa\u00eds ainda era gerada pela Coca Codo Sinclair no per\u00edodo de escassez h\u00eddrica de 2024.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Natureza contra a Coca Codo Sinclair<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Projetada para gerar mais de 8,7 mil gigawatts-hora<\/a> por ano \u2014 o equivalente a um ter\u00e7o da demanda el\u00e9trica do Equador \u2014, a usina funciona de forma intermitente. Parte da limita\u00e7\u00e3o se deve ao fato de ser uma hidrel\u00e9trica a fio d\u2019\u00e1gua \u2014 que n\u00e3o conta com um grande reservat\u00f3rio, e por isso depende do fluxo do rio Coca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Geradores<\/div>
Projetada para fornecer um ter\u00e7o da demanda equatoriana, a usina Coca Codo Sinclair opera de forma intermitente e est\u00e1 localizada em um vale propenso a desastres naturais (Imagem: Sinohydro \/ IMAGO \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Em outubro de 2024, ela operou<\/a> a 39% de sua capacidade; em julho de 2025, foi temporariamente<\/a> suspensa devido ao ac\u00famulo de sedimentos ap\u00f3s chuvas fortes; e, nos primeiros sete meses de 2025, ficou fora de opera\u00e7\u00e3o 19 vezes, conforme a Celec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A usina est\u00e1 instalada em uma regi\u00e3o marcada por forte atividade s\u00edsmica<\/a> e processos de eros\u00e3o regressiva \u2014 em outras palavras, um vale naturalmente propenso a desastres<\/a> naturais. No \u00faltimo inverno amaz\u00f4nico, as chuvas intensificaram<\/a> o fluxo e aumentaram a profundidade do rio Coca, destruindo obras de conten\u00e7\u00e3o e ampliando os riscos \u00e0 usina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A eros\u00e3o<\/a> j\u00e1 devastou parte da infraestrutura ao redor e amea\u00e7a alcan\u00e7ar o ponto de capta\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua. Em julho de 2025, a estatal Celec informou<\/a> que a frente erosiva estava a 4,7 km da usina; quatro semanas depois, a dist\u00e2ncia havia diminu\u00eddo<\/a> para 4 km.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Segundo a Celec, as enchentes tamb\u00e9m destru\u00edram estruturas essenciais, como as paredes rochosas e o revestimento do canal que serviam para refor\u00e7ar as encostas. A for\u00e7a da \u00e1gua varreu a praia antes usada por moradores e aprofundou a margem esquerda do rio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Desde 2020, a estatal j\u00e1 investiu mais de US$ 150 milh\u00f5es em estudos, projetos, consultorias e obras de engenharia para conter a eros\u00e3o do rio Coca.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PowerChina assume opera\u00e7\u00e3o da usina Coca Codo Sinclair, cujo hist\u00f3rico \u00e9 marcado por falhas t\u00e9cnicas, d\u00edvidas e impactos ambientais<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000094,"featured_media":60096934,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_has_post_settings":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039922],"tags":[50040362,50029711,50042257],"hashtags":[],"country":[50003535],"class_list":["post-60097014","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energia","tag-barragens","tag-energia-hidreletrica","tag-investimentos-no-exterior","country-equador"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAp\u00f3s disputas, Equador passa hidrel\u00e9trica problem\u00e1tica \u00e0 China<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"PowerChina assume opera\u00e7\u00e3o da usina Coca Codo Sinclair, cujo hist\u00f3rico \u00e9 marcado por falhas 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