\u7a7a\u4e2d\u6fc0\u6218<\/a>\u300b\u3002
\n
\n1. <\/b>\u4e2d\u56fd\u822a\u7a7a\u4f01\u4e1a\u8d77\u8bc9\u6b27\u76df\u5c06\u8fdb\u51fa\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u822a\u73ed\u78b3\u6392\u653e\u7eb3\u5165ETS<\/b>\uff0c\u60a8\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f
\n<\/b>
\n\u59dc\u514b\u96bd\uff1a<\/b>\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u822a\u4f01\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bb2\uff0c\u5bf9\u6536\u8d39\u8868\u793a\u6297\u8bae\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ca1\u5fc5\u8981\u5927\u60ca\u5c0f\u602a\u3002\u628a\u822a\u7a7a\u4e1a\u6392\u653e\u7eb3\u5165ETS\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6b27\u76df\u822a\u7ebf\u6700\u591a\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6b64\u4e8b\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u6709\u597d\u5904\u7684\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u5c06\u4f1a\u4ed8\u51fa\u66f4\u5927\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f1a\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u822a\u7a7a\u4e1a\u4f4e\u78b3\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5229\u7528\u540e\u53d1\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5728\u5c06\u6765\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u51cf\u6392\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u9886\u5148\u5176\u4ed6\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u7279\u522b\u62c5\u5fc3\u3002
\n
\n\u6768\u5bcc\u5f3a\uff1a<\/b>\u8fd9\u6b21\u4e8b\u4ef6\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u4e8b\u6001\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u7f3a\u5c11\u5173\u5fc3\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u5728\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u6392\u653e\u4ea4\u6613\u4f53\u7cfb\uff08ETS\uff09\u8986\u76d6\u5230\u822a\u7a7a\u4e1a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c \u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u5411\u5404\u56fd\u901a\u62a5\u8fc7\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5f81\u96c6\u53cd\u9988\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd8\u4e0d\u7740\u6025\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u610f\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\u6b27\u76df\u771f\u8981\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e86\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u90fd\u663e\u5f97\u63aa\u624b\u4e0d\u53ca\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u624d\u5fd9\u4e8e\u5e94\u5bf9\uff0c\u4e3a\u65f6\u5df2\u665a\u3002<\/p>\n\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u5728\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u505a\u4e86\u591a\u5e74\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u811a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6253\u5b98\u53f8\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u6253\u4e0d\u8d62\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u6001\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fdb\u51fa\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u822a\u73ed\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u80af\u5b9a\u6bd4\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6b27\u76df\u5728\u8c08\u5224\u4e2d\u5360\u6709\u4e3b\u52a8\u5730\u4f4d\u3002
\n
\n\u7f57\u9510\uff1a<\/b>\u822a\u7a7a\u4e1a\u51cf\u6392\u662f\u5e94\u5f53\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u5f88\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5f3a\u884c\u63a8\u51fa\u51cf\u6392\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6405\u4e71\u56fd\u9645\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u5927\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u963b\u788d\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u9886\u57df\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6b64\u524d\u822a\u7a7a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u884c\u4e1a\u534f\u4f1a\uff0c\u5982\u56fd\u9645\u822a\u534f\uff08IATA\uff09\uff0c\u5df2\u51fa\u53f0\u51cf\u6392\u8def\u7ebf\u56fe\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u5728\u6b27\u76df\u51fa\u53f0\u533a\u57df\u6027\u7684\u5355\u8fb9\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u66f4\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u7ecf\u8d38\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u51fa\u53d1\u63d0\u51fa\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5408\u60c5\u5408\u7406\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u628a\u5916\u56fd\u822a\u4f01\u7eb3\u5165\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u516c\u5e73\u3002 <\/p>\n
\u6392\u653e\u4ea4\u6613\u4f53\u7cfb\u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u7a7a\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u53f2\u8482\u592b·\u82ae\u5409\u5a01\uff08Steve Ridgway\uff09\u4eca\u5e74\u4e5d\u6708\u5728\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u6b27\u76dfETS\u4f1a\u7ed9\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u5e26\u6765\u6bcf\u5e7431\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u7684\u6210\u672c \uff0c\u5176\u4e2d11\u4ebf\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u6536\u5165\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u4e1a\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002ETS\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u843d\u5730\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u822a\u73ed\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ad9\u8d77\u98de\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u5f00\u59cb\u7b97\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4ece\u5317\u4eac\u76f4\u98de\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u7b97\u5168\u7a0b\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u5317\u4eac\u98de\u8fea\u62dc\uff0c\u518d\u98de\u632a\u5a01\uff0c\u518d\u98de\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u53ea\u7b97\u632a\u5a01\u5230\u5df4\u9ece\u90a3\u4e00\u6bb5\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bae\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6ea2\u51fa\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd8\u4f1a\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u66f4\u591a\u884c\u4e1a\u51cf\u6392\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u5171\u540c\u4f46\u6709\u533a\u522b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u539f\u5219\u3002
\n
\n2. <\/b>\u60a8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5047\u5982\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5c06\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f
\n<\/b>
\n\u59dc\u514b\u96bd\uff1a<\/b>\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ece\u5e94\u5bf9\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bb2\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u822a\u4f01\u8981\u7740\u773c\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6253\u9020\u4f4e\u78b3\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u672a\u6765\u66f4\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u822a\u4f01\u7684\u4e58\u5ba2\u6765\u81ea\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u6b27\u6d32\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\uff0c\u4f1a\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u9009\u62e9\u73af\u4fdd\u7684\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6b21\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e89\u7684\u592a\u5389\u5bb3\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4f1a\u8d2c\u635f\u81ea\u8eab\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u672a\u6765\u6210\u957f\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u627f\u62c5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u589e\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5e02\u573a\u3002
\n
\n\u6768\u5bcc\u5f3a\uff1a<\/b>\u4e2d\u56fd\u822a\u4f01\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c4\u5b9a\u5c06\u5e26\u6765\u6bcf\u5e748\u4ebf\u7684\u6210\u672c\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7d2f\u8ba1\u6570\u867d\u7136\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5e73\u644a\u5230\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u8eab\u4e0a\u6570\u989d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u5f20\u98de\u673a\u7968\u4e0a\u6da8\u51e0\u5341\u5757\u94b1\u3002\u6b27\u76df\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u6848\u4e4b\u521d\u5c31\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u4e86\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6210\u672c\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\uff0c\u5c06\u7ed9\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u9020\u6210\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u5171\u540c\u4f46\u6709\u533a\u522b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5e94\u8be5\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u8c08\u5224\u4ee3\u8868\u6572\u54cd\u8b66\u949f\u3002\u6b64\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u822a\u4e5f\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u53c2\u52a0\u822a\u7a7a\u51cf\u6392\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u6765\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4e0d\u6765\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u5148\u770b\u770b\uff0c\u63d0\u4e0d\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8b\u60c5\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u6765\u4e0d\u53ca\uff0c\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e0d\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u4f30\u8ba1\u8fd9\u6b21\u5982\u679c\u8c08\u7684\u597d\uff0c\u4ea42\u52303\u4ebf\u80af\u5b9a\u8fd8\u662f\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u7684\u3002
\n
\n\u7f57\u9510\uff1a<\/b>\u822a\u7a7a\u4f01\u4e1a\u8981\u8d2d\u4e70\u989d\u5916\u7684\u78b3\u4fe1\u7528\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6210\u672c\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u8ddf\u78b3\u4ef7\u683c\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u6bcf\u5e748\u4ebf\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u8d2d\u4e70\u78b3\u4fe1\u7528\u7684\u6210\u672c\u5360\u71c3\u6599\u6210\u672c\u76843%\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u78b3\u4ef7\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d85\u51fa10%\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u521d\u671f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u592a\u5927\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u52302014\u81f32016\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9884\u671f\u78b3\u4ef7\u4f1a\u6709\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8fce\u6765\u6210\u672c\u5927\u5e45\u4e0a\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bf9\u6210\u672c\u7684\u6d88\u7eb3\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd8\u4e0d\u597d\u8bf4\u4f01\u4e1a\u5c06\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c06\u6b64\u6210\u672c\u8f6c\u5ac1\u7ed9\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u3002\u9884\u8ba1\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u822a\u7a7a\u4e1a\u5c06\u4f1a\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fdb\u51fa\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u822a\u73ed\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u52bf\u5fc5\u5728\u4f18\u5316\u822a\u7ebf\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8003\u8651\u73af\u5883\u6210\u672c\u3002
\n
\n3. <\/b>\u60a8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u76ee\u524d\u8fd9\u4e00\u822a\u7a7a\u4e1a\u51cf\u6392\u4e89\u7aef\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u8fbe\u6210\u6298\u4e2d\u65b9\u6848\uff1f
\n<\/b>
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\n
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