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href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4405794\">\u4e0d\u523010\u5e74\u5c31\u88ab\u62c6\u9664\u4e86<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6ce5\u6c99\u7684\u5174\u8870<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e00\u79cd\u5c24\u5176\u4ee4\u4eba\u538c\u70e6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u66f4\u52a0\u96ea\u4e0a\u52a0\u971c\uff1a\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u6c89\u79ef\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53d1\u6e90\u81ea\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u5883\u5185\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u4e1c\u6bb5\u7684\u6052\u6cb3\u5728\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u90a6\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u652f\u6d41\u53d7\u6c89\u79ef\u7269\u7684\u56f0\u6270\u5c24\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u652f\u6d41\uff0c\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u6d41\u5165\u5e73\u539f\u4e4b\u524d\u5728\u9752\u85cf\u9ad8\u539f\u548c\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u5c71\u8109\u7684\u6d41\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u5927\u7ea6\u8fd16\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u3002\u4e0a\u6e38\u7684\u6cb3\u6c34\u88f9\u631f\u7740\u5927\u91cf\u6765\u81ea\u6cbf\u9014\u5c71\u5ddd\u548c\u4e18\u9675\u7684\u6ce5\u571f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f&ldquo;\u51b2\u79ef\u571f&rdquo;\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8ba1\u7b97\u6cb3\u6d41\u6c89\u79ef\u8d1f\u8377\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5e76\u4e0d\u7cbe\u786e\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u6bcf\u5e74\u53ef\u8fd0\u8f7d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/6933113\/institutional_Dysfunction_and_challenges_in_Flood_control_a_case_study_of_the_Kosi_Flood_2008\">8000\u4e07<\/a>\u5230<a href=\"https:\/\/www.epw.in\/journal\/2009\/06\/special-articles\/kosi-embankment-breach-nepal-need-paradigm-shift-responding-floods\">1.2\u4ebf<\/a>\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u6c89\u79ef\u7269\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6bcf8\u523012\u5e741\u7acb\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6cb3\u6c34\u5230\u8fbe\u5e73\u539f\u540e\u6d41\u901f\u5c31\u4f1a\u51cf\u6162\uff0c \u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b&ldquo;\u88ab\u6cb3\u6c34\u88f9\u631f\u800c\u6765\u7684&rdquo;\u6ce5\u6c99\u4fbf\u7eb7\u7eb7\u6c89\u964d\u3001\u843d\u5165\u6cb3\u5e95\uff1a\u5148\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u77f3\u5757\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u662f\u6c99\u5b50\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u6ce5\u6c99\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6d41\u901f\u7684\u51cf\u5f31\uff0c\u6c89\u964d\u7684\u9897\u7c92\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u5c0f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c89\u79ef\u5bfc\u81f4\u6cb3\u5e8a\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u65ad\u6539\u9053\uff0c\u6d41\u5411\u5730\u52bf\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a<a href=\"https:\/\/lib.icimod.org\/record\/33718\/files\/icimodKoshiSediments.pdf\">\u6700\u5927\u7684\u51b2\u79ef\u6247<\/a>\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u629b\u5f03\u65e7\u7684\u6cb3\u9053\uff0c\u6539\u9053\u65b0\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u5411\u897f\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e86100\u591a\u516c\u91cc\u3002\u6c89\u79ef\u7269\u548c\u5584\u53d8\u7684\u6c34\u6d41\uff08\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u5b63\u98ce\u5b63\u8282\u7684\u6cb3\u6c34\u6d41\u91cf\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/home.iitk.ac.in\/~rsinha\/Publication\/2014_Kosi%20avulsion_Geomorphology.pdf\">\u65f1\u5b63<\/a>\u76845\u523010\u500d\uff09\u5171\u540c\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u6cdb\u6ee5\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u6c89\u79ef\u7269\u4e5f\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u9632\u6d2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u5c0f\u6bb5\u6cb3\u6d41\u6cbf\u5cb8\u4fee\u5efa\u6cb3\u5824\u65f6\uff0c\u6c89\u79ef\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u51b2\u79ef\u571f\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6563\u5f00\uff0c\u6cb3\u5e8a\u56e0\u6b64\u4ee5\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6cb3\u9053\u6bd4\u5468\u56f4\u6d2a\u6cdb\u533a\u9ad8\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\uff0c\u51b3\u5824\u56e0\u800c\u66f4\u52a0\u5371\u9669\u3002<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chinadialogue-production.s3.amazonaws.com\/uploads\/content_image\/content_image\/4343\/koshi-fan_meitu_3.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Description: \/var\/folders\/p2\/dvhs6qj90nvf1yqm3qlyx2vm0000gp\/T\/com.microsoft.Word\/WebArchiveCopyPasteTempFiles\/koshi-fan.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/chinadialogue-production.s3.amazonaws.com\/uploads\/content_image\/content_image\/4343\/koshi-fan_meitu_3.jpg\" style=\"border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/a><span class=\"caption\">\u5730\u56fe\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb250\u5e74\u95f4\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u4ece\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u7684\u5df4\u62c9\u54c8\u514b\u4ec0\u7279\u62c9\uff08Barahakshetra\uff09\u5230\u6c47\u5165\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u90a6\u7684\u6052\u6cb3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6cb3\u9053\uff08\u53e4\u6cb3\u9053\uff09\uff08\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aChakraborty et al. in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1040618209004455\">Quaternary International, 2010<\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u90a6\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3001\u6c11\u95f4\u793e\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u8fea\u5c3c\u65af&middot;\u5e93\u9a6c\u5c14&middot;\u7c73\u4ec0\u62c9\u5bf9\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u540e\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u82f1\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b98\u5458\u5f00\u59cb<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4405794\">\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u9632\u6d2a\u5de5\u4f5c<\/a>\u30021897\u5e74\u5728\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6d2a\u707e\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u9646\u519b\u519b\u5b98\u5c06\u6cb3\u5824\u6bd4\u4f5c\u628a\u624b\u5957&ldquo;\u6254\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8138\u4e0a\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u6b64\u79cd\u7f9e\u8fb1\uff0c\u5979\u5b9a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5584\u7f62\u7518\u4f11&rdquo;\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u90a6\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u4eec\u90fd\u5df2\u653e\u5f03\u6cb3\u5824\u30021937\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u90a6\u9996\u5e2d\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08GF&middot;\u970d\u5c14\u4e0a\u5c09\u544a\u8bc9\u540c\u4e8b\u4ed6\u60f3\u5f3a\u8c03&ldquo;\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5b9a\u6d2a\u6c34\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\u9996\u5148\u8981\u6b65\u8003\u8651\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u6cb3\u5824\u963b\u788d\u6cb3\u6c34\u81ea\u7531\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u4f1a\u52a0\u91cd\u800c\u975e\u7f13\u89e3\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u5bf9\u5824\u575d\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6ca1\u6709\u6301\u7eed\u592a\u4e45\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u7684\u7e41\u8363<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u636e\u7c73\u4ec0\u62c9\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u5176\u9632\u6d2a\u653f\u7b56\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53cd\u8f6c\u3002\u516c\u4f17\u548c\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u6700\u521d\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e9\u57281937\u5e74\u5c31\u6d41\u4f20\u5f00\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5&mdash;&mdash;\u5728\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u7684\u5df4\u62c9\u54c8\u514b\u4ec0\u7279\u62c9\uff08\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4ece\u7fa4\u5c71\u6d41\u51fa\u8fdb\u5165\u5e73\u539f\uff09\u4fee\u5efa\u4e00\u5ea7\u8db3\u4ee5\u62b5\u5fa1\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u5927\u575d\u3002\u4f46\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u4e00\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e8e1951\u5e74\u5ba3\u79f0\u5927\u575d\u5efa\u8bbe\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\u7684\uff08\u5176\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u8fbe17.7\u4ebf\u5362\u6bd4\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u5370\u5ea6\u5362\u6bd4\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u6c47\u7387\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e00\u6bd4\u4e00\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7b14\u5929\u6587\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5efa\u9020\u8017\u65f6\u7ea620\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1953\u5e74\uff0c\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u4e0a\u6d2a\u707e\u8086\u8650\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u8feb\u4e8e\u516c\u4f17\u538b\u529b\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6cb3\u5824\u518d\u6b21\u83b7\u5f97\u9752\u7750\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7406\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u89c6\u5bdf\u53d7\u707e\u5730\u533a\u540e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u4e00\u9879&ldquo;\u79d1\u897f\u65b9\u6848&rdquo;\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5c06\u6cbf\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u4fee\u5efa\u8fd1150\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u6cb3\u5824\uff0c\u4ece\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u5883\u5185\u7684\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u5c71\u811a\u9644\u8fd1\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u4e0e\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u90a6\u5883\u5185\u6052\u6cb3\u7684\u4ea4\u6c47\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5efa\u9020\u5824\u575d\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u88ab\u7c73\u4ec0\u62c9\u59d4\u5a49\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a&ldquo;\u6280\u672f\u4e4b\u5916\u7684&rdquo;\u8003\u8651\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6d3e\u51fa\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u524d\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\u9ec4\u6cb3\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bc6\u897f\u897f\u6bd4\u6cb3\u8fdb\u884c\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bc4\u4f30\u5927\u578b\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e24\u5cb8\u4fee\u5efa\u6cb3\u5824\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b64\u756a\u8003\u5bdf\u662f\u5728\u79d1\u897f\u8ba1\u5212\u57fa\u672c\u83b7\u6279\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u540c\u884c\u90fd\u5efa\u8bae\u5370\u5ea6\u5ba1\u614e\u8003\u8651\u6ce5\u6c99\u6de4\u79ef\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u5370\u5ea6\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u8fd9\u4e24\u6761\u6cb3\u6d41\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u9ec4\u6cb3\u548c\u5bc6\u897f\u897f\u6bd4\u6cb3\u5728\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u5185\u90fd\u66fe\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u51b3\u5824\u548c\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u6d2a\u707e\uff08\u4f8b\u59821938\u5e74\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u519b\u961f\u6252\u5f00\u4e86\u9ec4\u6cb3\u5927\u5824\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u5f15\u6d2a\u6c34\u9632\u6b62\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u519b\u897f\u8fdb\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/aeg\/eeg\/article-abstract\/15\/4\/287\/60357\/the-largest-act-of-environmental-warfare-in?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">\u9020\u6210\u8fd1100\u4e07\u4eba\u4e27\u751f<\/a>\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u51b3\u5824\u867d\u662f\u4eba\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u9ec4\u6cb3\u5730\u52bf\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6d2a\u707e\u7684\u7834\u574f\u6027\u66f4\u5927\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\uff08\u540e\u66f4\u540d&ldquo;\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u9879\u76ee&rdquo; 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href=\"https:\/\/www.nepjol.info\/index.php\/WN\/article\/view\/106\">\u6cb3\u5824\u5185\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u62ff\u7740\u68cd\u5b50\u4e0e\u5824\u5916\u7684\u4eba\u6bb4\u6597<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u957f\u8fdc\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u66fe\u8b66\u544a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u91cd\u65b0\u6d6e\u73b0\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6cb3\u5824\u4e0a\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u6392\u6c34\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u8ba9\u5824\u5916\u7684\u6c34\u53ef\u4ee5\u6392\u5165\u6cb3\u5185\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4f5c\u7528\u5f80\u5f80\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u53d1\u6325\uff0c\u4e14\u4e00\u65e6\u6cb3\u5e8a\u8fc7\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ba1\u9053\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u6beb\u65e0\u7528\u5904\u3002\u9879\u76ee\u539f\u672c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a42000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u4f46\u5230\u4e86\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u88ab\u6c34\u6df9\u6ca1\u7684\u571f\u5730\u5374<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com.np\/books\/about\/Himalayan_Waters.html?id=dSvbAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y\">\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e863000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6d2a\u707e\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6cb3\u9053\u5de5\u7a0b\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u547c\u5401&ldquo;\u6d88\u9632\u5f0f\u7ef4\u62a4&rdquo;\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6cb3\u5824\u7684\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u627f\u5305\u5546\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u88ab\u7a74\u5c45\u52a8\u7269\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u8fd8\u4f1a\u88ab\u5824\u575d\u5185\u7684\u6751\u6c11\u62c6\u6bc1\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u4f4f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5bb6\u56ed\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6709\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u7f6e\u5824\u575d\u5185\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u4f46\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u6709\u8d85\u8fc720\u4e07\u6751\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6cb3\u5824\u4e4b\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2008\u5e74\u5e93\u8428\u54c8\u6751\u5927\u575d\u6e83\u5824\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u79d1\u897f\u6cb3\u4e0a\u66fe\u5206\u522b\u57281963\u5e74\u30011968\u5e74\u30011971\u5e74\u30011980\u5e74\u30011984\u5e74\u30011987\u5e74\u548c1991\u5e74<a 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href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/2018\/08\/15\/a-dammed-history-of-the-koshi-in-bihar\/\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u6781<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9605\u8bfb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/2018\/08\/16\/embankments-enter-nepal\/\">\u6cb3\u5824\u8fdb\u5165\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14<\/a><br \/>\n\u9605\u8bfb\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a<a 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