{"id":69935,"date":"2021-01-26T17:00:18","date_gmt":"2021-01-26T17:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/uncategorized-zh\/france-awaits-detailed-climate-plan-from-china-2\/"},"modified":"2024-05-15T16:28:30","modified_gmt":"2024-05-15T15:28:30","slug":"france-awaits-detailed-climate-plan-from-china-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/zh\/3\/france-awaits-detailed-climate-plan-from-china-3\/","title":{"rendered":"France eagerly awaits more detailed climate plan from China"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In autumn 2019, President Xi Jinping welcomed President Emmanuel Macron for a state visit in Beijing. France and its European partners were hoping that China, the world\u2019s second-largest economy, would open its markets to agricultural and financial products, manufactured goods and other services. But the meeting will be remembered for something quite different: an unequivocal reaffirmation of the two countries\u2019 commitment to the Paris climate agreement, which they dubbed<\/a> the Beijing Call for Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change. A few days earlier, Donald Trump had formally started the process of pulling the United States out of the Paris Agreement, only three years after it had come into force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

About this article<\/p>

This is one in a series of articles\u00a0co-published by Clean Energy Wire and China Dialogue that\u00a0explores Chinese investment from the perspective of several European countries. You can find the full series\u00a0here<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

That France and China teamed up on climate was no surprise. As the country where the agreement was reached in 2015, France holds a symbolic role in its safeguarding and in pushing for more ambitious pledges by its signatories. In 2017, President Macron launched the Make Our Planet Great Again initiative, following the decision of the US to leave the Paris Agreement \u2013 the name playing on Trump\u2019s Make America Great Again motto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For China, it was no surprise either. \u201cIn the context of the deteriorating relationship between China and the United States for the past four years, China has constantly made efforts to avoid the EU being swayed to the US side in this confrontation,\u201d says Marc-Antoine Eyl-Mazzega, director of the Center for Energy & Climate at the French Institute on International Relations (IFRI). Hence, China has been trying \u201cto build a special relationship with the EU, including France. While investments, intellectual property and protection for businesses are difficult issues under discussion, China also stood out from the US on its climate and biodiversity positions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, France and China were about to share the same agendas in 2020 on environmental diplomacy. In June, France was supposed to host the World Conservation Congress of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, in Marseille. And the COP15 of the Convention on Biological Diversity was going to be held in Kunming, China, in October. The Covid-19 crisis changed those plans and both meetings have now been postponed to later this year. But France and China were on the same page, both demonstrating leadership on climate and biodiversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cChina has long been involved in the fight against climate change,\u201d says Sylvie Matelly, deputy director of the French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs (IRIS). \u201cThe Western world, including France, is only starting to realise that China\u2026 could be a main and indispensable actor in the ecological transition… For the past four years, negotiations about the environment have taken place with China \u2013 not with the USA,\u201d she adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What none of these French experts expected was the announcement of President Xi, via video link to the UN General Assembly in September 2020, that China will aim for carbon neutrality by 2060.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe pledge made by China is of course a step in the right direction. With this country being the largest emitter, it definitively enhances the chances for global warming of only 1.5C above pre-industrial levels. If China respects it, it could decrease by 0.2C to 0.3C the current pathway and thus have a considerable impact for a sustainable future,\u201d says Lucile Dufour, international politics advisor at Climate Action Network, France (CAN).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Despite those encouraging announcements, more details on what is to come are eagerly awaited in France. For instance, how will China reach peak carbon emissions before 2030, and how will it actually implement its net-zero target for 2060? \u201cDetails must be provided for the COP26 summit as all nations are expected to deliver their updated Nationally Determined Contributions,\u201d says Dufour. China has a specific status: despite having ratified the Kyoto Protocol, it was not required to reduce its carbon emissions. For the first time, China will now face binding climate goals. Will it honour them? \u201cChina\u2019s general planning frameworks are usually clear and announcements have been consistent with reality. Regarding climate\u2026 it will have to adopt bold policies, such as phasing out coal by 2040 at the latest, as the country is still the largest producer and consumer of coal,\u201d says Dufour.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Eyl-Mazzega, at IFRI, China might well keep its word on climate. \u201cThere is particular attention paid to the environment by Chinese citizens. We barely hear about it in France, but most popular protests in China are either linked to food security or to pollution \u2013 and political leaders in China know well about this.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another issue that is raising concern in France is China\u2019s investments. With a population of 1.4 billion and a dynamic economy, China has growing needs for imported raw materials that can cause environmental damage abroad. For instance, Chinese imports of Brazilian soy have been linked<\/a> to the deforestation of 223,000 hectares between 2013 and 2017, according to the monitoring project Trase. \u201cIt\u2019s easy to blame them,\u201d explains Eyl-Mazzega. \u201cBut we also have to look at the fact they are a growing economy that still has millions of people living in poverty. Yes, they are the world\u2019s biggest emitter and their emissions per capita are already greater than a European country like France, but if they emit so much, it\u2019s also because we have moved overseas, especially to China, some of our polluting industries. And none of the official data on countries\u2019 emissions take this reality into account.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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China is also questioned in France over its investments in coal-fired power plants. This is true both domestically, where China has 121 gigawatts of capacity under construction to add to its roughly 1,000 gigawatts of existing capacity, and abroad. Via its Belt and Road Initiative, under-construction China-financed coal power plants will produce 19 gigawatts of power and emit 115 million tonnes of carbon each year, according to data from Boston University\u2019s Global Development Policy Center cited on Phys.org<\/a>. \u201cThe Chinese strategy with the Belt and Road Initiative has been problematic so far,\u201d notes the IFRI researcher. \u201cIt puts global climate goals at risk. When challenged about these coal investments abroad, China has continuously denied responsibility, claiming it is only meeting other countries\u2019 demands. It\u2019s a difficult position to hold: affirming your commitments to strong climate goals, and at the same funding polluting industries in other countries where there are other, low-carbon solutions at hand.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The good thing is Chinese investments in the EU and France have mainly focused on the energy transition and not fossil energies.<\/blockquote>Sylvie Matelly, deputy director of the French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Chinese investments in France are another key climate issue. \u201cThe good thing is Chinese investments in the EU and France have mainly focused on the energy transition and not fossil energies,\u201d says Sylvie Matelly, at IRIS. This is the case for nuclear projects (some experts don\u2019t consider nuclear to be sustainable energy, because of the risks posed by the technology, whereas others think it is because it produces zero-carbon energy). EDF, a French multinational electric utility company, has for instance partnered with the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) to build a third-generation European Pressurised Reactor (EPR) at China\u2019s Taishan nuclear power plant, which first entered<\/a> commercial operation in December 2018. The two companies are planning to collaborate to build several other EPRs in the United Kingdom. Chinese and French companies have also teamed up in the offshore wind sector. The French DOLFINES and China\u2019s CIMS Raffles have for instance signed a memorandum of understanding agreeing<\/a> to cooperate on boosting floating wind farms in Europe and Asia. The construction of China\u2019s first offshore wind power plant with foreign investment began in October 2020 in Jiangsu province, bringing together<\/a> the EDF group and China’s Energy Investment Corporation. Back in 2016, French company Velocita Energy Development also announced<\/a> the sale of 500 megawatts of its onshore wind projects in France to Chinese wind turbine maker Envision Energy. Four years later, in October 2020, Envision announced the \u201cVannier-Amance\u201d wind farm, its second wind farm in France.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cAside from partnerships like the one between EDF and CGN, buying French companies has been the main way for China to invest in the French market,\u201d says Matelly. \u201cWhen you buy a company, you control it, and you control the technologies it has developed as well.\u201d This kind of threat is not new and not particularly linked to Chinese investments: some of the EU\u2019s members states have been sounding the alarm about it since the 1990s when an American company tried to buy a German company to have it build submarines. After years of development, the EU framework for screening foreign direct investment (FDI) became fully operational on 11 October 2020. It is \u201cbecoming instrumental in preserving Europe\u2019s strategic interests while keeping the EU market open to investment\u201d, said a European Commission press release<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sylvie Matelly has just finished reviewing a study on FDI. \u201cOut of the 22 EU countries that control foreign investments, 80% have placed energy transition in their spectrum of control \u2013 acknowledging how important this sector is and will be in the future,\u201d says the researcher. But she also notes that French industries are often vulnerable. \u201cWhat do you wait for when you\u2019re a French company?\u201d she asks. \u201cYou wish the technologies you have created could develop and reach a broader market. For that, you need investments.\u201d But this is not the trend now in France: neither French investors nor banks will support you. As France is well known for its engineers and its technological know-how, it attracts foreign investments, including Chinese ones. \u201cOf course companies have no choice but to accept this money \u2013 even if it means the technology will be \u2018lost\u2019 for France,\u201d adds Matelly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the EU and China are still discussing<\/a> trade and economic relations. During the 22nd bilateral summit held in June, Charles Michel, president of the European Council, made it clear that the EU and China must work together on global challenges like climate action and that engaging and cooperating with China \u201cis both an opportunity and necessity\u201d. But he also pointed out that the EU and China \u201cdo not share the same values, political systems or approach to multilateralism\u201d.

<\/em>Eyl-Mazzega <\/em>concludes that <\/em>\u201c2020 has been a difficult year for China\u201d, referring to how it handled the Covid-19 crisis, the status of Hong Kong and human rights issues, which have strained the relationship with France. \u201cAs a result, the European Union is much more assertive and aligned on China. France and the EU will have to strike the right balance between cooperating on the climate, biodiversity and trade while facing the fact China is a strategic rival notably in low-carbon technologies and dealing with possible US pressures to decouple from China.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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